Human Nature Essay

Human nature is based on self-preservation and selfishness in both Rashomon by Ryunosuke Akutagawa and The Lottery by Shirley Jackson. In The Lottery human nature is selfish because they kill someone in the community for their own personal gain. Selfishness also has a negative effect in Rashomon due to the harmful extremes the servant takes to stay alive. The way human nature is portrayed in these two stories is sometimes similar to the way people act in real life. In Rashomon the servant turns into a thief for the purpose of staying alive. He knows better than to steal from a woman who is already poor and living amongst corpses but he steals from her anyway. He tries to justify his actions when he says â€Å"You won’t blame me, then, for taking your clothes. That’s what I have to do to keep from starving to death. † His words show that he knows what he is about to do is wrong, but stating his reasons for why he needs to do it makes him feel better. At the beginning of the story he has no intentions of becoming a thief. Soon he realizes how bad his conditions are, this weakens his morals and his first priority becomes survival. This shows that when it comes to staying alive people become selfish and less concerned with other humans well being. Humans will go to extreme measures to get what they need even if that involves harming others. This story uses a lot of animal imagery to show how people become violent and tend to forget their morals when it comes to survival, it becomes almost like â€Å"dog eat dog. † An example of this is when the woman is picking hair out of the corpses to make a wig in hopes of selling it for money; this behavior is animal like. Why is it that people resort to crimes and immoral acts before considering other options when it comes to survival? In The Lottery the community is selfish because they sacrifice someone so their crops will grow. They need their crops to flourish so they will not go hungry; this is a form of self-preservation. In real life we have laws to stop people from committing various crimes. In The Lottery there are no laws to stop them from acting like animals and stoning each other. The fact that we have laws proves that we have them because some people do not have morals or choose to ignore them in certain circumstances. Laws were created to keep communities in order and civilized. Self preservation makes people forget about the well-being of others and instead focus on themselves. We see this in The Lottery when it says, â€Å"Mrs. Delacroix picked up a rock so large she had to use both hands to lift it. † In the beginning of the story Mrs. Delacroix and Mrs. Hutchinson are friends but at the end of the story when it comes down to her crops flourishing or her friend; Mrs. Delacroix is selfish and stones Mrs. Hutchinson to death. This example shows people are selfish and put their own needs first. Another example of this is when Mrs. Hutchinson say’s â€Å"it’s not right, it isn’t fair†, she is not talking about the lottery she means it is not fair that she was chosen. She would have no problem stoning someone else to death so that she could live and her crops could flourish. Human nature is portrayed the same way in Rashomon and The Lottery. In both stories the people are selfish and harm other people to benefit themselves. In Rashomon he beats up a woman and steals her clothes so he can survive and in The Lottery the community kills Mrs. Hutchinson so their crops will flourish. Their reason for being so selfish is self-preservation. The servant doesn’t want to die so he steals from a woman who has less than him. The community in The Lottery needs food to survive so they take part in the lottery. In both stories the people act like animals because they have no laws or rules to stop them from doing so. The difference between these stories is that in Rashomon it is only two people acting immoral but in The Lottery a whole community is acting uncivilized. In both stories human nature is portrayed negatively. In comparing this to current times, I find that Hurricane Sandy brought out the worst and the best in people. I live in a waterfront community that was badly affected by the hurricane. Some people’s homes were destroyed or flooded but that didn’t stop people from robbing homes in my neighborhood. At night we had police driving around with spotlights checking on homes and properties. Some people chose to steal generators right off others driveways. News reports talked about opportunist who broke into damaged businesses and stole whatever they wanted. Criminals broke into flooded homes and took what little salvageable items were left. When faced with a problem people have the option to rise to the occasion or not too. Unfortunately more people choose not to. This is what makes human nature selfish for the most part. After reading the newspaper this morning stealing generators seems pretty insignificant. I came across a story I can’t seem to get past. The Sandy Hook elementary school shooting in Newton Connecticut. I cannot understand how someone could go into an elementary school and shoot innocent children for their own selfish reasons. I cannot comprehend how someone could kill his or her own mother over a petty argument and feel no guilt. It scares me to know we live in a generation where human nature is so selfish that sending your children to school has become dangerous. Because human nature is so selfish children at such a young age are exposed to so much hatred. No six or seven year old should have to watch their classmates die for no reason other than the killer was simply having a â€Å"bad day† and needed to take his anger out on someone. The one aspect from this story that shows me human nature is sometimes still selfless is Victoria Soto. Victoria hid her students in closets and other spaces so the killer could not find them. When the killer approached her classroom door and asked where her students were she replied the gym; she was then shot. Victoria Soto may not have been able to save herself but she saved an entire classroom of innocent children. It is sad that a horrific event like this needs to take place before human nature changes because for twenty-seven children it’s a day too late. In both Rashomon and The Lottery the people go to immoral extremes for selfish reasons. In The Lottery the community stones someone for their own personal gain. In Rashomon the servant harms a woman in worse conditions than him self for the means of survival. The way human nature is negatively portrayed in these two stories is unfortunately similar to the way people act in real life.

Crtical thinking responses

On a sheet of paper, apply the general overview of court structure In the united States (Figure 1. 2) to your local community. A. Within my community we have a Trial court that is capable of handling both minor violations (Misdemeanors crimes, DID, Bail hearings) and a Higher court system which deals with capital offenses and has the ability to convict, sentence and reprimand defendants. 2. On a sheet of paper, apply the list of actors In the courthouse (Table 1 . ) to your immunity. If you live In a rural area, how does your list differ from that of someone who lives in a larger community? If you live in a large metropolitan area, how does your list differ from that of someone living in a more rural area? A. Both rural and metropolitan areas share similar actors in the courthouse such as victim/plaintiff, defendant/accused, the prosecution working on behalf of the state, the defense attorney or public defender assigned to the defendant, and a Judge depending on the case or circumsta nce a Jury maybe unnecessary as the case doesn't require.What private, nongovernmental organizations are important to the criminal justice system of your community? A. Lass Cruses Police Department has assigned officers capable of coordinating with local community leaders in creating a Neighborhood watch program which in turn can reduce crime in certain areas. By doing so they utilize a crime control method with this action. 4. Use newspapers, radio, and criminal Justice discussion lists or chat groups to monitor discussion concerning the criminal Justice system. Do citizens make distinctions among police, courts, and corrections, or do they lump everything under

Around making life seem like a déjàvu Essay

It is quite remarkable how the sands of time revolve around making life seem like a deja vu. This makes it difficult to draw the line guessing if we are still dreaming or already awake. All eyes are once again drawn to an hour glass being flipped upside down over and over again. However, this time around, the consequences are devastating and the results, catastrophic. And as cliche as it may sound, we hear the question once more, did history repeat itself? Truth be told, we are constantly bombarded with all these alleged justifications for waging the ever controversial war in Iraq. As loquacious and persuasive as the maestros of the war in Iraq may sound, the melody of their symphony is found to be wanting. The sentiment that supports the war in Iraq is simply founded on alleged information that Iraq possesses and are developing weapons of mass destruction. In addition, U. S. officials have claimed that Saddam Hussein is supporting the al-Queda and other terrorist groups (Hayes, 1). With these primary reasons set forth, one reason after another started to pop out like unwanted mushrooms in a garden. The Americans then claimed of human rights abuses made by the Iraqi government. Moreover, the Americans have this illusion that they have the civic and moral duty to promote democracy to this part of the world. And lastly but certainly not the least, there is also the most profitable reason of all, the Iraqi oil reserves which according to the U. S. is being improperly handled by the Iraqi government by destabilising influence to the flow of oil to international markets from the Middle East making this an unacceptable risk. With all these in mind, America then launched their so called pre-emptive strike seizing desperately for every opportunity and ally they could possibly get. From a certain point-of-view, it can be said that they became victorious. They are victorious for â€Å"waging† or â€Å"starting† a war but not victorious in the war itself. This because despite the vastness of the land they have conquered and despite the hundreds of thousands enemies they put down, at the end of the day, in war, nobody is a winner. There is only suffering, destruction and death. People call the invasion a â€Å"fatal mistake† (Gunaratna, 98). The most annoying and irritating truth the people of the world including the Americans realized is that there are no weapons of mass destruction. There is no proof that Saddam Hussein cooperated with the al-Queda or any terrorist groups and the fear of Saddam’s domination is merely speculation (Shuster, 1). There is no proof of the human rights abuses which the U. S. officials accused at the Iraqi government. And the illusion of promulgating democracy to Iraq is in fact still an illusion. Still, there is the issue on the oil reserves mismanagement. However, the truth is that the â€Å"mismanagement† that is alleged here only refers to the refusal to cooperate with U. S. with regard to the trade on the oil reserves. Therefore, this entire war does not seem to hinge upon deadly non-existent biological weapons, nor an issue the war on terrorism, nor that which concerns human rights or democracy. It all came down to a barrel of oil. But for those who find such a truth inconceivable or incomprehensible, just count the how many lives perished regardless of their nationality. How many children were orphaned, family members mourning and homes destroyed. Is a person’s life worth for fighting this meaningless war? Most people in the world know the pain of losing somebody. Well imagine the horrors of losing somebody you care about for something not even consequentially important in the history of humanity. It is hard to even contemplate that the billions and billions of dollars spent to kill countless lives in this war could have spent countless lives from hunger, diseases and poverty. Here once more is war like those before it. However, this time around, the consequences are devastating and the results, catastrophic. And as cliche as it may sound, we hear the question once more, did history repeat itself?Well, we realize that history does not repeat itself, but rather we repeat history. WORKS CITED Gunaratna, Rohan. â€Å"The Post-Madrid Face of Al Qaeda†, Washington Quarterly 27:3 (Summer 2004) p. 98. Hayes, Stephen F. and Joscelyn, Thomas The Mother of All Connections A special report on the new evidence of collaboration between Saddam Hussein’s Iraq and al Qaeda Volume 010, Issue 41 July 18, 2005 Shuster, D. â€Å"Road to war; How the Bush administration sold the Iraq War to American people†. MSNBC, Nov. 8, 2005 Retrieved on November 30, 2006 from, http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/9962149/

Linguistic Laureate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Linguistic Laureate - Research Paper Example Born on September 25, 1897 in New Albany, Mississippi, named after Old Colonel - his great grandfather - the legendary American writer, nicknamed as Billy, was fond of story-telling since his childhood. According to one of his cousins, when Billy used to tell something, doubts were always present about whether it was true or something he had made up on his own (Oates 13). However, as many reviewers reckon, Faulkner’s life did not experience a pleasant start. He used to repel away from his peers at school since they did not like his ‘different’ style of dressing; a factor which might have later turned into him dropping out of school. As his age progressed to twenty, some significant characteristic dilemmas pronounced Faulkner’s personality - ranging from being socially eccentric, to a school dropout, to being a drunkard. To sum it up, the soon-to-become a legendary novelist had, then, no superior traits presumed to be in a person who inspires a vast number o f readers and followers. However, despite the ridicule and disdain, Faulkner rose above expectations and ensued to envelop with his magical writing approach, nearly every aspect of how the everyday human life was in the American South. Having been born in the Magnolia State, Faulkner had immense love for the Southern roots. His ties with Mississippi ran deep; his great grandfather, known more prominently as the Old Colonel, was a famous lawyer, novelist and rail road investor. Throughout his lifetime, Faulkner never went astray of his town, spending the majority of his life span in Mississippi and writing about his soil and the people there. With his growing age, the Old Colonel’s imagination and vision of the South started emerging in him (Shmoop Editorial Team). On the other hand, Faulkner’s fictional inscription skills are believed to have originated primarily from close company with the African-American nanny, Caroline Barr. Known to Faulkner and his siblings as Ma mmy Callie, Caroline Barr – the Oxford based nanny – was born into slavery and used to tell numerous stories regarding her sorrowful experiences to Faulkner; the roots wherefrom the Faulkner’s yet-to-be-created fictional world initiates. No wonder Faulkner had profound empathy for his nanny, apparent from the dedication of his 1942 novel Go Down, Moses to her (Shmoop Editorial Team). Faulkner remembered her as a person who gave his family loyalty, faithfulness and compassion without any cost and who gave to his childhood immense love and affection (Parini 19). Alongside creativity and fictional storytelling, Faulkner also ignited in himself a brawny passion for reading literature. Contrary to being an imaginative, always-pondering boy at home, Faulkner was not as good at school. Being mediocre in studies, getting regularly teased by his colleagues, distinguishing his passion for art and writing rather than guns and football made his stay at school difficult. Lik ewise, against his parents’ wishes, he dropped out from high school after the eleventh grade and went on to opt for a bookkeeper’s job. Only his first rhyme and verse lessons by Phil Stone, an aspiring poet in high school, were to prove fruitful of all what he carried with him out of the high school. Agreeing to what Cleanth Brooks writes, although William started his career as a poet but fate had planned something better for him. Hence, Faulkner soon realized that his major and most fruitful strength lay in his prose (Brooks 1). Falkner’s first ever short story that was published in a major magazine in April 1930 was â€Å"A Rose for Emily† - a story that revolves around Emily, a lady with a mysterious, veiled character which is the consequence of the town’

Land Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Land Law - Assignment Example The laws that relate to land cover the divergent aspects or dimensions of land so that peoples’ right to possess, alienate and use land are upheld. In fact, land laws also provide land owners with the rights and powers to exclude others from their land. Among the important categories of land laws are those that cover land use and ownership agreements/processes such as land leasing and renting. In most cultures therefore, there are provisions, systems and jurisdictions that register land and resolve any disputes related to land use, ownership or inheritance among others1. Most emphasized in customary and common law jurisdictions are the land rights to which individuals are entitled. Land right refers to the unchallengeable ability that the law provides for people to possess and utilize land at their discretion provided that such possession and utilization of land do not infringe on the rights of others in the society2. It is therefore imperative that land lawyers recognize and understand the meanings and extent of land, more so the multi-dimensional nature of land3. This paper explores the concept of the multi-dimensionality of land and its impacts on land lawyers understanding of land. Definition of Land The apparent importance of land even as early as the beginning of civilization has led to almost all world cultures recognizing the need to regulate its ownership and use4. Despite the origins of land laws being in ancient times, land laws remain a core component of the society even in modern times. At the start of any legal process on land issues, it is important that all those involved, particularly the lawyers, define the subject matter, which in this case is land. According to section 205 (1) (ix) of the LPA 1925, the land comprises â€Å"land of any possession or tenure and minerals and mines , any structure or part of any structure or other corporeal hereditaments ; it also includes an advowson, a manor and a rent and an easement , privilege , rig ht or advantage in , over or enjoyed from land.† Accordingly, in legal parlance, a land includes both the corporeal and physical assets and the privileges that the owner or third parties may benefit from or over it5. The other conspicuous term in the definition of land in most statutes is ‘any tenure’. By the term land tenure are referred the two main types of ownership; leasehold and freehold, both of which refer to land in legal land issues. Freehold tenure refers to a situation in which an individual owns a piece of land forever/without end. On the other hand, leasehold ownership is a situation in which a tenant owns land for a given period (short or long but not indefinitely)6. From the two definitions, it is evident that leasehold ownership is a creation of freehold tenure. Unlike the Winter Garden Theatre (London) Limited versus Millennium Productions Limited Case of 1948, which had no term allowing the licensor to revoke the leasehold, it is important that contracts are clearly drawn in leaseholds. The Multi-Dimensionality of Land In addition to land tenure, the other important component of the definition of land is the extent of land. For instance, land is defined to include the mines and minerals therein, whether they belong to the owner of the surface of the land or not. The meaning of land thus includes both the vertical or horizontal division apart from the surface. Thus, a transfer of a land with two dimensional would have not only less

Metabical Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Metabical - Case Study Example However, Metabical has faced competition ever since the FDA approved an OTC drug known as Alli. Therefore, Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals had to come up with new marketing strategies, such as advertisements on TV, radio, celebrity endorsement and printed advertisements in medical publications. Its top priority was to ensure that patients gain knowledge and awareness of the drug. A Metabical potential customer is, therefore, required to make a well informed decision before settling for Metabical drug2. First, an overweight patient should be willing to lose weight either to be healthy or to avoid discrimination from others. Secondly, after an overweight patient is aware of their condition, they are required to start an exercising program and ask health care providers for assistance when they need it. Thirdly, after consulting healthcare providers, the consumers are required to consider and engage a different method that could be easier in achieving their goal of losing weight. Last ly, if all the other methods fail, the health care providers can recommend the use of the Metabical drug under observation. This way, patients can observe their progress in weight loss as well as evaluate the effectiveness of Metabical. Consumers and health care providers are the parties involved in the decision making process. This is because they are the target market for the Metabical drug. As such, it is also important to note that Metabical is a prescription drug that can only be acquired through a prescription. However, CPS should place into consideration the concerns raised over new weight loss drugs and focus on providing solutions to solve any problems that may arise. In addition, CSP should make up marketing communication strategies that attract consumer awareness, elicit their interest and arouse their desire hence purchasing the Metabical weight loss drug. However, these marketing communication strategies must be tailor-made to suit the interests of different targets3. I t is important to note that the consumer decision making process goes through some stages. The first stage entails recognition of the need for the Metabical drug. Many overweight people lack self esteem and consider themselves as outcasts. For instance, given an American case, more than sixty five percent of Americans are overweight. Here, the Metabical drug share needs with the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that include the need for belongingness and love for companionship since no one likes to be excluded4. The next stage is alternative search, where the prospective consumer collects information from marketing sources such as advertisements, public sources such as newspapers and magazines. Some consumers opt to ask friends who have tried diet drugs before, family and health care experts for suggestions on recommendable overweight drugs. So far, the prospective consumers have been exposed to adequate information on diet drugs. The next step involves evaluation of available alt ernatives rather than Metabical drug. In this case, the consumer compares the Metabical drug to other products such as OTC products, the Alli drug, ephedrine and many others5. The consumer is also able to evaluate the ingredients of the drugs and rule out those that they may be allergic to. In this step the consumers’ objectives are to discover the side effects and the

Summary time,space, and the evolution of afro-america society Term Paper

Summary time,space, and the evolution of afro-america society - Term Paper Example Through the American Revolution, African cultures had been integrated into the Euro-American culture in the mid eighteenth century (46). The population of slaves ranged from 4-8 percent in different counties. Most Northern blacks worked in the countryside and a few labored in the rural industries. Iron masters were the largest employers of slaves in the industries and owned the largest number of slaves in the north. Most rural slaves worked in the farms tendering livestock and growing crops for export. These slaves lived on the farms and never worked in gangs (47). Some of the white farmers relied on indented servants to supplement farm labor since slaves were expensive. In trade centers, blacks worked as stock minders and herdsmen. Provisional trading required several slaves, which enabled them create a strong companionship compared to those working in the farms. Urban slaves worked as house servants and lived in back rooms, closets, and lofts (48). The interaction between the slaves and the white people led to a gradual cultural transformation. Those in the urban centers started participating in economic activities, and they adopted Christianity. New York slaves started acquiring property, while those in the rural areas continued living in poor

Contemporary Culture Challenging the Irish Catholic Church Essay

Contemporary Culture Challenging the Irish Catholic Church - Essay Example It is no longer synonymous to getting a sound education, health care or any other public services. Inglis, with the application of Pierre Bourdieu's theories calls this situation as a "religious capital" and sees that this decline in regard for Catholicism in Ireland has resulted to a so-called Post-Christian/secularized society ("Where to now for Irish Catholicism"). The waning influence of the Irish Catholic church on politics and other socio-political and moral matters is also due to the metamorphosis of popular culture. 'Pop culture' as what popular culture is more commonly known, is a staple in all societies. Pop culture is fuelled with the needs and desires of the people as well as the 'in' thing at the moment. It is considered the 'mainstream' and anything outside of it is considered 'underground'. Pop culture extends to the masses preference in fashion, food music, entertainment and practically any other thing that is integral in the everyday activities of men. Culture has always this tendency to bring in people into its clutches and somehow influence them to take part in it and devote themselves into it. Sociologically, people feel the need to belong in a certain group and building up their identities there. This 'belongingness' bestows a feeling that one is integral in the group's activities and is especially seen in small neighbourhood s and other groups of people. 'Mass culture' on the other hand allow people to characterize themselves in terms of their association with everybody else in the society. In effect, this makes the establishment of an identity more difficult. ("Popular culture"). Pop culture is very specific and varies from the time and place where and when it occurred. It is like a wave that comes and goes as the interest of a small number of people eventually becomes accepted by the masses. It comes from a wide array of sources, one is the business establishments that constantly invents and produces products that may have any cultural impact. The media is also a source of popular culture; music, film, television, radio, video game, and book and comic books all play a part in the cultural changes of the common man ("Popular culture"). The modern times saw the dramatic changes in the lifestyles and behaviour of men. Adults these days find it hard to adjust to these social changes, especially when it comes to issues regarding morality and religion. Morality changes through time as with people's perception of it. It is firmly anchored to reality but as it is proven, reality also changes through time, what applies to this timeline may not be applicable in the past and vice versa. What is viewed as 'morally' right today may not be utterly acceptable in the past. Also the 'moral norms' based on a certain time period's standards can be reinterpreted or misinterpreted by people living in the current time period. Today, there is a so-called 'morality crisis' not just in Ireland but all over the world. This 'moral crisis' characterised by the misinterpretation or total disregard to morals is said to be influenced by pop culture. The Irish Catholic is in itself in some kind of 'identity crisis', it is currently undergoing a re-evaluation of its perspective on

Law of Investment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Law of Investment - Assignment Example Issues under the Relevant Legislation and the Law Relating To Negligence, Contract and Fiduciary Duty It is clear that there are legal issues in this case that concern fiduciary duty and negligence law. In the first place, the case states expressly that there is a contract between Charlie and Denise, or Bandito Financial Advisors and Planners. The agreement meets all the legal elements and felicity conditions needed to make a contract. Specifically, there is an offer being advanced for an acceptance. On the one hand, Denise and her financial advisory company are extending an offer to Charlie, the offer being the issuance of financial advice. Charlie, on the other hand, remits 300,000 dollars to Denise, thereby signifying his acceptance of the offer. The advisory services offered by Denise and the money exchanged signify the cooperation, as both Denise and Charlie are of legal age and sound mind. The latter means that they have entered a legal relation. There are formalities in the ag reement, and both parties entered the agreement intentionally. Again, there is a profound aspect of certainty. The Sales of Goods Act of 1896 clearly specifies all these conditions, thereby making the agreement between Charlie and Denise a full-fledged contract. ... A prudent and reasonable legal person could have ensured that it meets all the aspects of the bargain that were in the contract. Again, according to the Australian tort law, Denise and her company will be found guilty of having used misrepresentation. Misrepresentation may, in turn, emanate from the use of deceit, defamation, negligent advice, innocent misrepresentation, passing off and injurious falsehood. In the case at hand, it is clear that Denise used injurious falsehood since she presented herself as a licensed and qualified financial advisor, yet she is not. Australian tort law is strict in relation to negligence, since it acts on both willful failure and failure that stems from an oversight (Marshal 525). In the determination of negligence, the case Jaensch v Coffey set precedence that has been followed heretofore. In this case, there must be the determination of proximity between the defendant and the plaintiff as being sufficient enough to cause injury or loss to the plaint iff. In this case, it is obvious that Charlie and Denise interacted (in order to enter a contract of financial nature). It is this interaction that directly led to Charlie’s forfeiture of his 300,000 due to Denise’s injurious falsehood. In this case, the forfeiture of the money amounts to harm. Denise also uses negligent advice to rid Charlie of his money. She, for instance, wrongly advises Charlie that upon investing 300,000 dollars he will be able to make 10% profit during the first year and 25% profit by the third year. The culpability of Denise and her advisory agency is further compounded when the concept of fiduciary is introduced. By the term fiduciary duty, it is meant that the

Personal Response on Sexuality Identity Term Paper

Personal Response on Sexuality Identity - Term Paper Example So, it is very clear that the people from these different geographical areas will have totally different notions about sex. I too, being a product of the western society had a broad outlook about sex from the very beginning, though this course has, I think, made me think more critically in sexual decisions. Social factors that have a bearing on my sexuality According to the western, especially American concept of sexuality that prevails among the youth, sex is more of a recreational activity that does not have any connection with morality. It is a male dominated society where the ability to lure as many women as possible is considered a way to prove ones maleness. For females, the credibility lies in the ability to hook a man to ones armpits. The role of media cannot be denied in this social situation. According to reports, 8 out of 10 prime-time shows in America have sexual content; thus making sex a very common thing among the youth, having no emotional or ethical value (Dykeman, D uncan, Irvin, King, n. d.). The liberal view of the society I live in about sex is evident from the result of a survey. As per the survey, nearly 90% Americans believe that boys and girls will not wait until marriage to have sex; and only about 17% people were against oral sex and even they had serious doubts about the achievability of their expectations (NPR/Kaiser/Kennedy School Poll, n.d.). Thus, I found sex as a privilege to be enjoyed since adolescence, though I had little discussion with my parents about sex. Despite the liberal attitude towards sex, I would admit, it seems difficult to have open discussions with parents. In fact, my ideas about sex are all collected from friends and the media. I think it is the social freedom we people enjoy that makes sex very possible everywhere. I know there are countries where people seldom go to clubs, or are strictly under the supervision of the parents. However, being the product of an industrialized society, my parents never put a lot of pressure on me to reveal where I am going and who I am meeting. I think it is common for the youth in my country to have this freedom and as a result I had a well defined sexuality since the very beginning of my adolescence which was highly liberal in nature. Even when I got married, I would admit, I did not think that marriage was in no way going to affect my sexual relations. My perceptions on sex and the role of critical thinking Frankly speaking, I never thought of the role of ethics in sex. Though at times I read here and there about the issues associated with plurality in sex and the advantages of having a single sex partner, it seemed a rather impossible proposition in the society I live in, especially because of the lack of emotional attachment the sexual partners posses to each other. In the society I live in, there has been a gradual deviation from the traditional concept of sex as associated with marriage. Being in a society where sex is in no way connected to wedlock and childbirth, and hence not binding, I, like any other young person in the country, prefer to view sex as a physical need; the result of hormonal changes that needs to be quenched irrespective of marital status. In fact, I had adequate knowledge about STD from media but in my own case, I was not so serious about the diseases. The attitude, like any other youngster of my age, was ‘this won’t happen to me’, but now I think I am about to change. Though I live in a society that allows sex with

The Scarlet Letter Characters Essay Example for Free

The Scarlet Letter Characters Essay Despite the fact that Hester Prynne, the protagonist of the story, committed adultery she is still an epitome of a woman with dignity. Even though her dress was marked with the symbol of disgrace she still lived a life with her head high and became an important member in her community as a seamstress (Hawthorne, 1981). Hester and her scarlet letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Scarlet letter is a story that revolves around the lives of Hester and her daughter out of wedlock, Pearl.   Hester committed an adultery with a man that she refuse to name and is sentenced to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her dress for as long as she lives. This letter is a symbol of disgrace since adultery is considered a capital sin during those times. Despite the everyday indignation that she experiences from people she still bore a child and made a living through sewing. She later on gained popularity as a good seamstress. At the climax of the story wherein the father of Pearl admitted in public that he is the father and died, Hester was already freed from sin. Hester and Pearl left for Europe and lived there until Pearl got married to an aristocrat. Hester came back to her community leaving a descent life and continued on wearing the scarlet letter even though she could have stayed at Europe together with her daughter (Woloszyn,2002). Adultery and the scarlet letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adultery during the 1640s was punishable by death and whipping. During the time of Hawthorne the Plymouth law of 1694 dictates that those who commit adultery should display a letter â€Å"A† on their dress (Eldred,1999). Thus, the Scarlet Letter of Hawthorne came about. The Plymouth law is viewed as a light punishment as compared to death and severe whipping however the mark of adultery will be carried as long as she lives. Her child also experienced shame and discrimination especially during her childhood when other children harass and mock her. Hester, her mother, would throw stones at them to make them stop (Eldred,1999). Despite the many sufferings that she has incurred she has had chances of escaping her current state. Choices to escape the scarlet letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hester had a choice to reveal the name of the father of her child but she refuse to do so. This could have been her way out of the shame that adultery has caused her but she never did. She was made to wear the scarlet letter with the hopes that she will someday repent and reveal the name of father of her child (Hawthorne, 1981). She never did revealed his name. Perhaps out of love, respect or other factors but this only proves that as a woman she is headstrong. She chose to endure a life as an outcast despite constant discrimination and hate thread that is brought about by the Scarlet letter that she wears. She still has communication with the father of her child. This is a reflection of her strength.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hester could have opt to live forever in England but she chose to go back to her home town. When she came back she still wore the scarlet letter. She lived a humble life and her opinions were sought and she was respected (Woloszyn,2002). She had a variety of options available for her since she has had a good life in England. For one she could have stayed there. Second she could have have came back but used a different identity. Third, she could have looked for a new husband. There are other options apart from coming back to her hometown wearing the scarlet letter. Im quite sure a lot of women who have experienced what she has gone through would not even wear the scarlet letter again. She on the other hand continued wearing it as a sign of repentance. The woman behind the scarlet letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hester is but a fragment of the millions of women who commit adultery. This is a sin however Hester proved that a person should not be judged by a single mistake but by how she lived her life. There are different factors that may push one to commit adultery but what matters is that Hester repented for her sins and continued to repent until the day she died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The scarlet letter that she has worn for so long has not penetrated in her. She is still free from bitterness and vile as she lived and showed a beautiful heart. Though she has committed a sin she refused to keep her head buried in shame. She held her head high, earned a descent living and raised a beautiful child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She serves as an inspiration for women. References Eldred, Eric. Notes to the Scarlet Letter. 1999. 7August 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     http://www.eldritchpress.org/nh/sl02-n.html Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Bantam Classics. 1981 Woloszyn,Margaret. â€Å"Short Stories† 2002. 7August 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC00041/SCARLET/LETTER.htm

How Does Sheriff Present Disturbed Characters in.Doc Essay Example for Free

How Does Sheriff Present Disturbed Characters in.Doc Essay Out of the characters I find that the most disturbed people after Stanhope is Hibbert and Trotter. The reasons why I think this are explained in the following paragraphs. The first character that I see as being most disturbed after Stanhope is Trotter. Trotter is an officer in Captain Stanhope’s company and seems to be the most optimistic person in the play. He seems to constantly be upbeat compared to the other officers in the company. He tells Stanhope to ‘cheer up’ during a war and never seems looks on the dull side of life in the reader’s perspective. Sherriff suggests that he is disturbed as many soldiers go mad because of the war whilst he seems to be very happy and optimistic. Another reason why it may seem he’s disturbed is the fact that he doesn’t have to drink to take his mind of the war. During WW1 all soldiers were given 2 ounces of rum daily to help get over the war. It shows that drinking during the war was very common. Sherriff must have added in this detail based on his experiences of WW1. In act 3 scene 2 both Stanhope and Hibbert have drunk ‘whisky on top of champagne’ to the point that they have become drunk. Trotter doesn’t seem to be a heavy drinker and seems to be surprised that Stanhope is drinking whisky after drinking champagne. In this case they drink to get over the war and to think about girls and legs but Trotter seems to be able to talk about this without much drink. This may suggest that he has no feelings about the war so he doesn’t need to drink which implies that he is disturbed. Another reason why I think that Trotter may be disturbed ,which links to the last line above, is the idea that Trotter has little feelings or emotions that are visible. Although he does say in act 3 scene 2 that he does have emotions when he’s questioned by Stanhope, it could be seen that he is lying. We know that Stanhope, Trotter and Osborne seem to get along with each other showing that they have known each other for a while meaning that they must know a bit about each other’s character. In act 2 scene 1 we see Stanhope and Osborne discussing Trotter’s lack of imagination. It shows that he doesn’t seem to have feelings. Sherriff could be suggesting that this is what happens to people during the war. They lose their feelings and imagination. Another character that I see as being disturbed is Hibbert. Throughout the play Hibbert continuously goes on about having neuralgia. Neuralgia was a common illness that affected many soldiers which was an intense pain along the course of a nerve especially in the face. He tries to use this as an excuse to leave the war before the big attack by the Germans. It could be seen that he is being cowardly as he is trying to escape the war which could count as deserting the army. We can tell that he is also homesick when he states that ‘I shall die of this pain if I can’t’ leave. It shows his disturbed state of mind and his feelings of being tormented by war. However, Stanhope sees through his disguise and tells Hibbert that he will be shot for deserting. Deserting was a slight problem during WW1 as 346 British soldiers were executed for either desertion, cowardice or striking a superior officer. Hibbert commits every single one of these crimes showing he is one of the few people that have become so disturbed that they rather die than stay in the trenches. This is shown when he swears that he will ‘never go into these trenches again’ and encourages Stanhope to ‘Shoot! ’. He also has come to the point where he dares to strike a superior officer which is shown as he tries to leave for the doctors Stanhope stops him and Hibbert ‘strikes blindly’ at him. These actions show that he is disturbed and should be executed for multiple offences. Another reason why I believe that Hibbert is disturbed is because of the pictures that he carries around with him. In act 3 scene 2 we see Stanhope, Trotter and Hibbert drinking champagne and talking about women. Hibbert later on pulls out a couple of erotic pictures of women and shows them to the other officers. This shows that he may b slightly disturbed to carry around pictures like that. We would usually expect a soldier to bring a picture of this family or of their fiance or wife like Stanhope did in act 1. We do not expect someone to have those inappropriate pictures with them especially when it is against the law. Having multiple pictures of women that he had affairs with may suggest that he is disturbed. Sherriff could be using his type of behaviour to describe what his fellow soldiers brought around and talked about in WW1. Overall, I believe that Sheriff presents the disturbed characters based on his experiences of war and how he saw his fellow soldiers behave like. He presents the characters as either cowards or as people who have no or little emotions visible. He shows the true reality of war and how people think and act during it. Words: 971

Childrens exposure to TV violence

Childrens exposure to TV violence Long periods of TV exposure to violence can create aggressive behavior in children. In many cases children of different ages are exposed to TV programs that arent suitable for their age groups. Many of these programs contain high volume of violence and children are exposed to them for an excessive amount of time without parental supervision. This can be a factor in building a hostile behavior in a child. Not all TV programming is intended for all audiences. More children are watching programs that are not intended for their ages. There is an excess of violence, sex, and adult topics in TV programs. Children are more exposed to these topics with a click of a remote control device. It is very easy for a child to watch these types of programs because they are easily available at different hours of the day. A parent may think that during the early hours of the day television programs may be directed toward children but this may not always be the case. Ratings have been implemented in order for parents to keep control of the television programs their children watch. Programs are identified by ratings issued by The National Association of Broadcasters, the National Cable Television Association, and the Motion Picture Association of America. These ratings are known as â€Å"TV Parental Guidelines.† These ratings can identify violent programming. They appear within the first 15 minutes of a TV program except for news, sports, and some cable channels. The Federal Communications Commission (2009) states â€Å"The ratings are as follows: TV-Y Directed for children within the ages of two to six TV-Y7 Directed for children of seven years of age and older TV-Y7-FV Directed for the same age group as the previous rating but with the difference that it may contain fantasy violence. TV-G Suitable for all ages but not necessarily a childrens show. TV-PG Parental guidance is suggested and may not be suitable for young children. TV-14 Suggests that the show may not be suitable for children under the age of 14. TV-MA Directed specifically for adult viewing and children under the age of 17 are recommended not to view this program.† Programs like Sesame Street are rated TV-Y and are directed to an audience from the ages of two to six years of age. This program in particular teaches learning skills to children while it entertains in an appropriate manner. When parents let their children watch programs with this rating, they can feel secure that their children will not be exposed to any violent, sexual or adult topics. Children watch TV programs for a large period of time. The Keiser Family Foundation (2006) stated â€Å"More than four in ten (43%) children under 2 years old watch TV every day and nearly one in five (18%) watch videos or DVDs every day.† What this tells us is that most of these children dont incur in any outside activities and their main source of entertainment comes from television and video games. Children under the age of 2 watch television on a daily basis. This is a very early start for children to get accustomed to a television set. The following table represents the amount of hours children spend watching television, playing video games and using computers. (Amy B. Jordan, PhDa, James C. Hersey, PhDb, Judith A. McDivitt, PhDc Carrie D. Heitzler, MPHc , 2006). Children between the ages of nine and ten are at the highest level of television watching, while children between the ages of six to 7 years are at the lowest level. This table also shows that while children become older, they also include playing video games and using computers in addition to watching television. The amount of hours spent in front of a screen increases with age. Video games and computers also contain violence. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2006) stated â€Å"Pediatricians recommend to parents that they limit childrens total media time (with entertainment media) to no more than one to two hours of quality programming per day and to remove television sets from childrens bedrooms.† With this amount of limited TV violence, children will be less prone to being affected by the aggressiveness and hostility shown in these types of programs. Children who are continuously exposed to TV violence at an early age may create a hostile behavior that will progress into their adulthood. â€Å"Aggressive behavior in the early childhood years has been repeatedly linked to violence in later youth and adolescence.† (Dimitri A. Christakis, MD, MPH, Frederick J. Zimmerman, PhD, 2007) The way to address this issue is mainly with the interaction of the parents. A child looks up to the parents for guidance and they are the primary source of mentoring. Parents need to be involved in the lives of their children. It is important that they provide love and affection, along with communication and guidance. They need to spend time with their children in activities that will promote good behavior while creating a bond. Alternative activities should be fomented to substitute the use of television. Parents need to set the example in providing healthier activities to share with their children. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2009) stated â€Å"Parents are powerful role models. If you want your child to read more, that is what you should do. If you would like him to go outdoors for some physical activity, invite him to do so as part of an enjoyable family exercise program.† Parents should foment other activities like sports, music, and literature. It is a good idea to promote activities that can be beneficial physically and mentally. There are many types of programs that children can enjoy while interacting with other children of the same age. Parents on a limited budget can look for free activities sponsored by their community. They can sign their children in a reading class at the library or a childrens sports team at their local community center. The main focus on this is to limit the time children will spend watching violence on television versus participating in other activities that are more beneficial to them. Also, the hours a child spends watching television and the type of programs they watch should be controlled by the parents. In fact, devices like a V-chip have been created to monitor and block the programs children watch. This device allows parents to block programming they dont want their children to watch. This is measured by the rating issued by The National Association of Broadcasters, the National Cable Television Association, and the Motion Picture Association of America. Programs with ratings of MA will be blocked by this gadget. This is a very useful took because it permits parents to schedule ahead of time the programs their kids can watch and will provide them with a sense of relief that their children cant watch inappropriate programming. The website for the Federal Communications Commission (2009) has information regarding this V-chip and explains how to use this device. The website for them is http://www.fcc.gov/. It is extremely important for a parent to explain to children that the violence they see on television is not acceptable behavior and should not be imitated. A parent can inform their children that the majority of the violence they see on television and the reaction to this violence is seen by society as negative behavior. Parents need to encourage a sociable behavior in their children at an early age. While violence is an issue that affects society, children should be taught that this is not acceptable behavior. Nevertheless, if a child has already developed an aggressive behavior other measures should be put into action. Parents may want to seek the services of a professional such as a school Counselor or a Psychologist, to help deal with the hostility. In addition, the involvement of all family members may be helpful in trying to control this type of behavior. It is a family issue when there is an aggressive child in the house because this behavior could eventually affect everyone in that house. Finally, it is very important to say that not all television programming is unacceptable, or that it will affect the behavior of a child. Some programs are educational and will foment acceptable behavior in children. Violent TV programming will foment aggressive behavior in children and should be avoided. Children need entertainment in their lives but parents need to substitute television with activities that can stimulate them physically and mentally. Exposure to television should be reduced to a minimum and parents need to be more involved in the lives of their children. After these measures are taken, parents should see improvements on their childrens behavior.

Belize Guatamala territory dispute :: essays research papers

British lumberjacks set up settlements in the eventual Belize. The Spanish granted them the territory. When war broke out in Europe there was an attack which was repulsed. Over the next 20 years the British had grown into the assigned area and some unsettled areas of South America establishing the now existing Belize. The Spanish never had any rule over the territory. Up to 1859 the British continued to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over the settlement, further establishing administrative control and implementing a comprehensive legal and legislative system. In 1859 a treaty officially established the boundaries of Belize. In 1940 Guatemala declared the Treaty to be void, alleging failure to implement article 7 (That the British build a road which they never did) A new Guatemalan Constitution in 1945 declared Belize to be Guatemalan territory Belizean culture and nationality developed throughout the 19th century (and the British became the minority). Self-government was achieved in 1964, but full independence was delayed until 1981 only because of the Guatemalan claim to the territory. Guatemala changed its argument in 1999. it rested its case on the 18th century Treaties between Britain and Spain covering the area between the Hondo and the Sibun Rivers. Guatemala claimed that the area between the Sibun River and the Sarstoon River was 'illegally' occupied by Britain, and argued that the area south of Sibun up to the Sarstoon River must be "returned" to Guatemala together with all the cayes which were not included in those Treaties. The area thus claimed by Guatemala amounts to over 12,000 square kilometres, which is more than half of Belize's territory. The British occupied this territory when it was uninhabited and unsettled. Belize rests its case on two firm pillars: the right of a people to self- determination and the fact that Guatemala's claim is legally untenable. Negotiations began between Britain and Guatemala and Belize. In 1975 the UN General Assembly passed a resolution affirming Belize's right to secure independence with all its territory and declared that any proposals emerging from negotiations between Britain and Guatemala must respect this right In 1980, the UN resolution declared that Belize should become independent by the following year. The entire global community supported this decision the territory was perfected through the process of acquisitive prescription, which is a recognised means in International Law for acquiring title to territory Guatemala never occupied, nor did it ever exercise any control or jurisdiction over, any part of the territory of Belize.

William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay -- Shakespeare M

William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream could have easily been a light-hearted, whimsical comedy. Complete with a magic forest and a kingdom of fairies, it is an iconic setting for amorous escapades and scenes of lovers. But Shakespeare’s writing is never so shallow; through this romantic comedy, Shakespeare postulates an extremely cynical view of love. A Midsummer Night’s Dream becomes a commentary on the mystery of love, and lovers in general emerge shamed. Especially in the episodes among the four young Athenians, the lover is painted as a fickle creature, always changing his or her mind, and love as a passing phenomenon. Love is not an unfathomable, kind emotion, but it is ironically cruel, and by the end of the play, the concept of true love is tinged with doubt. The lover is unreliable in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. This is first seen in Demetrius’s treatment of Helena. As the play opens, Demetrius is already in love with Hermia, but Helena tells us that she has once been his love: For ere Demetrius look’d on Hermia’s eyne, He hail’d down oaths that he was only mine; And when this hail some heat from Hermia felt, So he dissolv’d, and show’rs of oaths did melt (1.1.242- 245). Demetrius’s oaths lose their meaning, and Helena is left with a demeaning love. However, Demetrius is not alone in his mutability; Lysander, too, quickly replaces one love with another. Though Lysander is somewhat redeemed through the use of the love potion, the fact remains that his love changes. Early in the play he says to Hermia, â€Å"[M]y heart to yours is knit, / so that but one heart we can make of it† (2.2.47-48), but later he reviles his supp... ...e deeper and more resounding than the conflicts that are resolved. Is it possible for Demetrius and Helena to live happily ever after though the love binding them is synthetic? Can Lysander and Hermia ever have a trusting relationship, knowing the fickleness of love? A Midsummer Night’s Dream has potential to be a cheerful play, but it has too many sharp edges and hard scenes to be so. The concept of love is quite convincingly questioned. Here, love is not faithful, kind, or true; it can be lost and manufactured, and is alarmingly harsh. The play ends happily, with the young people in their respective couples, but the bitter undercurrents are too strong to ignore. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream. Norton Introduction to Literature. Ed. Jerome Beaty et. al. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002. 1614-1670.

All Quiet On The Western Front :: essays research papers

The story of several schoolmates who symbolize a generation destroyed by the dehumanisation of the First World War, All Quiet on the Western Front tells of the men who died, and the tragically changed lives of those who survived. Remarque follows the story of Paul Bà ¤umer, a young infantryman, from his last days of school to his death three years later. Whereas the journey motif is typically used to portray a positive character development, that of Paul is deliberately the opposite. In what has been dubbed the greatest antiwar novel of all time, Remarque depicts the way in which Paul is snatched away from humanity by the brutality of war. However while Paul and his comrades become separated from society, and begin to rely on their basic survival instincts, in their own surroundings they still show humane qualities such as compassion, camaraderie, support and remorse. Paul’s transformation from human to soldier begins in training camp, and is reinforced by the trauma at the front. His return home further alienates him from society, and Paul begins to feel safe at the front with his friends. Nonetheless throughout the novel suffering and mortality bare Paul’s true side, and he momentarily regains his former self. Bà ¤umer, the German word for tree, is an early indication that Paul must remain firmly rooted in reality to survive the brutality of war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even when the novel begins, all Paul has known is death, horror, fear, distress, and despair. He describes the other soldiers in his company, including his German school mates with whom he enlisted after constant lecturing from their school master, Kantorek. The pressures of nationalism and bravery had forced even the most reluctant students to enlist. However weeks of essential training caused any appeal the military may have held for them to be lost. Corporal Himmelstoss, the boys’ instructor, callously victimizes them with constant bed remaking, sweeping snow, softening stiff boot leather and crawling through the mud. While this seems to be somewhat cruel treatment, it was in fact beneficial for the soldiers. â€Å"†¦the most important result was that it awakened in us a strong, practical sense of esprit de corps, which in the field developed into the finest thing that arose out of the war – comradeship.† (p23) The time spent at training camp prepared the boys for what was to come, by making them tough and brutal, while at the same time creating an army that does not stop to question its orders.

Stylistic Means

All stylistic means of the English languages can be divided into expressive means (EM) and stylistic devices (SD). â€Å"The expressive means of a language are those phonetic, morphological, word building, lexical, preseological or syntactical forms which exist in language as-a-system for the purpose of logical and various dictionaries. Among lexical EM we must mention words with emotive meanings, interjections, polysemantic words, vulgar words, slang etc. The fact that polysemantic words retain their primary and secondary meanings is of great importance for stylistics. It is quite easy to understand the meaning of the following phrases; He grasped the main idea; a burning question; pity melted her heart. The italicized words are used in their secondary transferred dictionary meanings. But the primary and secondary meanings are realized simultaneously. The expressiveness of these words becomes obvious when compared with neutral equivalents; He understood the main idea; an important question; pity softened her heart. According to Prof I. R. Galperin`s definition Stylistic Devise is a conscious and intentional intensification of some type structural or semantic property of a language unit promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model. SD must always have some function in the text, besides they bring some additional information. The conception that words possess several meanings gives rise to such SDS as metaphor, metonymy, irony, epithet and others. Thus, a metaphor is a conscious and intentional intensification of typical sema ntic properties of a word: â€Å"Oh, Rain†-said Mor. He enveloped her in a great embrace. (I. Murdoch). The dictionary meaning of the verb â€Å"envelope† is â€Å"to wrap up, coer on all sides†. The contextual meaning is â€Å"to embrace† The typical features of proverbs and sayings serve as the foundation for an SD which is called epigram, i. e. brevity, rhythm and other properties of proverbs constitute a generative mo0del into which new content is poured A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. (J. Keats) Sweet is pleasure after pain (J. Dryden) What the eye does not see, the stomach doesn’t get upset (J. K. Jerome). These phrases are not proverbs; they are the creations of individual writers and poets. When such phrases are used in the text they accumulate great emotive force and function. They acquire a generalized status and thus easily become an SD while proverbs remain EM of the language. The some may be said about syntax. The typical structural features of oral speech (violation of word order, omission of some parts of the sentence, repetition of certain words etc) may be intensified and promoted to a generalized status. Such SDs as inversion, parallel constructions, chiasmus is the result of these stylistic transformations. It is important to know that the stylistic use of EM must not necessarily lead to the formation of an SD. For example, repetition is widely used in folk song and poetry and in oral speech to make our speech emotional and expressive, but we can’t say that in such cases we use a SD. When the weather is wet We must not fret,- When the weather is cold We must not scold When the weather is warm We must not storm. Thus we may draw the conclusion that EM are the facts of the language, while SDs are the property of the speech. They are the creation of individuals (writers and poets) and are based on the peculiarities of existing EM of the language. This is in short the difference between EM and SD. While speaking about SD we must always remember: the force of one and the same SD may be different. In some cases the emotive charge may be very strong, in others it may be weak. It depends on the use of a SD in one and the same function. Due to the overuse of the SD it may become hackneyed, trite and looses its freshness and brightness; 1. The best pens of the world A sweet smile 2. with his mousing walk Speaking about SDs we must mention the cases when two or more EM or SD meet at one point, it one utterance. Such clusters of SDs are called convergence. â€Å"Together each SD adds its expressivity to that of the others. In general, the effects of these SDs converge into one especially striking emphasis† (M. Riffaterre) For example: When everyone had recovered George said; â€Å"She put in her thumb and pulled out a plum†. Then away we were into our merciless hacking-hecking laughter again. (S. M. Maugham). In English examples we find the convergence of several SDs: decomposition of a proverb (to put one’s thumb into smth), a bring case of an onomatopoeia in the function of an epithet (Hacking-hecking), inversion (adverbial modifier stand before the subject). â€Å" †¦ and heaved and heaved still unrestingly heaved the black sea as if its vast tides were a conscience. Here the convergence comprises repetition, inversion and simile†. [1]

Citizenship in America Essay

U.S. citizens are lucky. We have freedom of speech, freedom of religion and many more rights. Citizenship can mean different things to different people. Who a country defines as its citizens may differ in different times and different places. In general, we know that citizenship belongs to a person who lives in a certain country and has certain rights. Yet, I believe that the true essence of citizenship lies in the duty to help solve problems.   In the United States, the idea of citizenship has evolved over time. For instance, in 1776, most blacks, Indians and white women had no right to vote. They had to struggle to become full citizens. The right and responsibility to vote came after a long and hard fight. Studying history is a key part of effective citizenship because from people in the past, we learn examples of good citizenship. One very good example of good citizenship was that shown by Jane Addams. Even at age six in 1866, she was an initiator and she wanted to change her world. During that time, she got this remark from Theodore Roosevelt, president from 1901 to 1909, that Addams became â€Å"the most useful citizen.† When she was 29 years old, Addams bought a large, old house called the Hull House in a poor immigrant area of Chicago. They soon learned that Addams wanted to help poor people solve the problems they faced. At Hull House, immigrants could learn English. Working parents could even leave their babies there during the day and the children were encouraged to take art classes. She also made the house available for family gatherings, weddings and other events. Addams raised money herself to pay for these programs. She also tried to change the government and often she worked in campaigns for people running for office whom she believed had honest intentions. She also wrote letters to members of Congress. She went to meetings to support giving women the right to vote. She lead marches to support laws ending the use of child labor in factories. She also tried to influence the government. In fact, people today can still petition, or try to influence the policies of government. Petitioning is one of the basic rights of all citizens protected by the United States Constitution. When garbage filled up the alleys near Hull House, she was worried that the piles of trash may cause disease and death among the children in the neighborhood. So, she did something none of us would ever think of—she applied a job as a garbage inspector. Thus, she was able to follow those garbage wagons all the way to the dumping site just to be sure that garbage is properly disposed. Addams was good citizenship personified. In my own way, I want to do the same thing as Addams did. Starting from my own home, I can begin helping my parents in cleaning our surroundings. I can also do some volunteer work in our community during weekends when there are no exams in school. Volunteer work can be fun especially when I mobilize my other friends to join in. I am sure they will be open to make themselves useful, in our own small way, in making a difference to the world out there. In my own small way, I can learn from people of the past how it is to exercise good citizenship. Making the community look good is a part of good citizenship. In fact, the community is a setting that provides much potential for helping and learning at the same time. Libraries, museums, and many places are rich sources of exercising good citizenship. For afterall, citizenship requires initiative, courage and sacrifice. As Jane Addams said, â€Å"Progress is not automatic; the world grows better because people wish that it should and take the right steps to make it better.† REFERENCES Jane Addams 1860-1935. Retrieved Oct. 10, 2006 at: http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/janeadams.html#childhood Wikipedia. Jane Addams. Retrieved Oct. 10, 2006 at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams Women Working. Jane   Addams. Retrieved Oct. 10, 2006 at: http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/people_addams.html

Morphology Is a Valid Strategy for High School Students Essay

Theoretical Explanation Many researchers have proposed that teaching students word roots unlocks the meanings of unknown words. The majority of words in the English language have origins from Greek and Latin. Ninety percent of English words over one syllable are Latin based, and the remaining 10 percent are Greek based (Rasinski, Padak, Newton, & Newton, (2008, p. 11). Just as phonics teaches word families, Greek and Latin roots will help students sound out words and determine the meanings of words (Padak, Newton, Rasinski, and Newton (2008, p. 29). Nagy & Anderson, 1984, found morphology played an important role in learning vocabulary by allowing students to make semantic connections between related word families. They concluded, â€Å"The ability to utilize morphological relatedness among words puts a student at a distinct advantage in dealing with unfamiliar words† (p.323). While research supports the teaching of word roots, no formalized instruction in roots exists at my high school. Purpose of my study: Students need vocabulary deciphering strategies in high school. Morphology is a valid strategy for high school students to improve vocabulary. Studies also show an increase in reading comprehension and spelling. Third through sixth grade students performed better on reading and spelling with morphophonemic training than with just training in phonics (Henry 1988, 1989, 1993). In the study, â€Å"Contributions of Morphology Beyond Phonology to Literacy Outcomes of Upper Elementary and Middle-School Students,† Nagy, Abbott, and  Berninger (2006) found â€Å"Results showed that when the shared variance among morphological awareness, phonological working memory, and phonological decoding are controlled statistically, morphological awareness contributes †¦at all grade levels to reading comprehension, reading vocabulary, and spelling† (p. 143). â€Å"Corson, a British sociologist, even suggests that it is differences in language ability, more than any other observable factor, that affects children’s potential for success in school. He makes the point that learning the Latin and Greek word roots allows children to begin learning the ‘specialist’ words in contrast to the Anglo-Saxon ‘performance’ vocabulary. He suggests that some social groups do not learn these special words in their natural environment. â€Å"(1985, p.28). The purpose of this study is to develop student morphemic awareness and increase their knowledge of the meanings of word roots including prefixes and suffixes. New avenues of learning roots will be explored. The goal is to improve students’ potential to decipher the meaning of new vocabulary. Learning Targets First, students will be able to divide multi syllable words into word parts or morphemes. On Ellen Gagnà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s level of complexity in human skills, using Discrimination students can identify and separate roots, prefixes, or suffixes in a word. Next, students will learn the meanings of common prefixes, suffixes and roots. Ellen Gagnà © would label Greek and Latin roots Defined Concepts. I hope to show students will be able to determine a word’s meaning based on their knowledge of the word’s parts. Ellen Gagnà © would label this Higher Order Rules. Students will need to apply their previously learned definitions, to form a new definition of a new word. Area of Focus Roots to be studied will be pulled from various resources including: Stauffer, 1942, identified the fifteen most common prefixes from the 10,000 words in the Thorndike Word Book: ab (from) ,ad (to),be (by),com (with),de (from),en (in),ex (out),in (into), in (not),pre (before), pro (in front of), re (back), sub (under), un (not) (pg. 455). â€Å"Brown (1947) noted that 80% of the English words borrowed from other languages come to us from Latin and Greek and make up approximately 60% of our language. He analyzed Latin and Greek word roots and concluded that 12 Latin and 2 Greek roots, along with 20 of the most frequently used prefixes would generate an estimated 100,000 words (see Table 1)†(Henry, 1993).Brown’s fourteen roots: 1.tent, ten, tin, tain 2.mit,miss, mitt 3.cap,capt, cip,cept , 4. 14. scribe,script 5. sat, stat, sist 6. graph,gram 7. log,logy 8.spect 9. plic,pled, 10.ply11. tens,tend, tent 12.duc,duct 13. pos,pon 14. face,tic, fact Padak, Newton, Rasinski, and Newton (2008) identified a series of level 1, level 2, and level 3 roots for primary, intermediate and middle school students (pgs. 12-15). Their lists includes prefixes, suffixes, and bases (roots) from both Latin and Greek. The Least You Should Know about Vocabulary Building by Glazier, Friend, & Knight.  Greek & Latin Roots:Keys to Building Vocabulary by Rasinski, Padak, Newton & Newton. Past Problems Achieving Learning Targets My school does not teach Latin. Also, vocabulary building is not built into the English standards. Students without previous exposure to word roots, suffixes, and prefixes will not get additional exposure at our high school. The school I teach at draws students from 27 different towns throughout northwestern Connecticut. Students do not come with a consistent core of learned roots. Significance Students need to increase their vocabulary to be able to read and comprehend complex texts. Students that can use context clues and knowledge of word origins to decipher a new word’s meaning. Students need to interpret vocabulary for standardized tests, when reading their textbooks, and other daily reading. â€Å"If†¦it is one’s goal top promote generalized vocabulary acquisition by equipping readers with strategies that will enhance their independent vocabulary learning, then instruction in morphemic and contextual analysis becomes the preferred approach† (Baumann et al. 452). â€Å"The language of school, especially in the upper grades, is often driven by content area texts. Most of the speciality words in math, science, and social studies come from Latin and Greek origin† (Henry, 1993). Research Question I am interested to know if students can increase their ability to define unknown words if they have knowledge of dividing words into morphemes and have learned prefixes, suffixes, and roots. Learning Plan Ideas wiki/notebook flash cards/virtual flashcards/app for I touch/I Pad/I Phone i touch applications Resources Baumann, James F. , & Edwards, Elizabeth Carr, Font, George, Tereshinski, Cathleen A. , Kame’enui, Edward J., Olejnik, Stephen. (2002). Teaching morphemic and contextual analysis to fifth-grade students. Reading Research Quarterly. 2, 150-176. Baumann, James F., Boland, Eileen M., & Edwards, Elizabeth Carr, & Olejnik, Stephen, & Kame’enui, Edward J. (2003). Vocabulary tricks: Effects of instruction in morphology and context on fifth-grade students’ability to derive and infer word meanings. American Educational Research Journal. 40, 447-494. Bromley, Karen. (2007). Nine things every teacher should know about words and vocabulary instruction. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 7, 528-537. Brunner, Brett L. (2006). Word Empire:A Utilitarian Approach to Word Power Brett L. Brunner, M.A. Star Nemeton Educational Innovations, LLC Bryant, Peter, & Hurry, Jane, & Nunes, Terezinha, & Pretzlik, Ursula (2006). Improving literacy by teaching morphemes. New York, NY: Routledge Carlisle, Joanne F, & Stone, Addison C. (2005). Exploring the role of morphemes in word reading. Reading Research Quarterly. 4, 428-449. Fresch, Mary Jo (2007). Word study: Ways to captivate reluctant learners. Adolescent Literacy in Perspective. March, 8-11. Glazier, Teresa Ferster, Knight, Laura, & Friend, Carol. (2004). The least you should know about vocabulary building: Word roots. Wadsworth Publishing Green, Tamara M (2008). Greek & Latin roots of English. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Haag, E Stern (2003). In search of the benefits of learning Latin. Journal of Educational Psychology 95, 174-178. Henry, Marcia. (1993). Morphological structure: Latin and Greek roots and affixes as upper grade code strategies. Reading and Writing. 2, 227-241. Holmes, Thomas C., & Keffer, Ronald L (1995). A computerized method to teach Latin and Greek root words: Effect on verbal SAT Scores. The Journal of Educational Research. 1, 47-50. Langer, Judith A. (2001). Beating the Odds: Teaching Middle and High School Students to Read and Write Well. American Educational Research Journal 40, 447-494. Menn, Lise, & Peters, Ann M, (1993). False starts and filler syllables: Ways to learn grammatical morphemes. Language. 4, 742-777. Nagy, William E., Anderson, Richard C. (1984). How many words are there in printed school English? Reading Research Quarterly. 19, 303-330. Nagy, William, Abbott, Robert D., & Berninger, Virginia W. (2006). Contributions of morphology beyond phonology to literacy outcomes of upper elementary and middle-school students. Journal of Educational Psychology 98, 134-147. Newton, Rick M., & Newton, Evangeline (2005). A little Latin†¦a lot of English. Adolescent Literacy in Perspective. June, 2-7. Otterman, Lois. (1955). The value of teaching prefixes and word-roots. The Journal of Educational Research, 8, 611-616. Padak, Nancy, & Newton, Rick M., & Newton, Evaneline, & Bromley, Karen (2008). Greek and Latin roots: Keys to building vocabulary. HuntingtonBeach, CA: Shell Education. Padak, Nancy, & Newton, Evangeline & Rasinski, Timothy, & Newton, Rick M. (2008). Getting to the root of word study: teaching latin and greek word roots in elementary and middle grades. In Farstrup, Alan E., & Samuels, S. Jay, What research has to say about vocabulary instruction (6-31). Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Scanlan, Richard, T. (1976). A computer-assisted-instruction course in vocabulary building through Latin and Greek roots. Foreign Language Annals. 6, 579-583. Stauffer, Russell G. (1942). A Study of prefixes in the Thorndike List to establish a list of prefixes that should be taught in the elementary school. The Journal of Educational Research. 6, 453-458.

Biblical Allusions Throughout of Mice and Men Essay

â€Å"He calls Of Mice and Men a parable that illustrates the biblical conflict between the brothers Cain and Abel† (Goldhurst 48). Therefore the people who have read the story Of Mice and Men can automatically see the resemblance between the two stories. Of Mice and Men is a novelette by John Steinbeck, it is about two men who are migratory workers that works on farms. Of Mice and Men contains many Biblical allusions including the Story of Cain and Abel, the longing for Eden, and facing temptation. In Of Mice and Men and the Old Testament the themes are similar. It is stated in the â€Å"A Parable Curse of Cain.† â€Å"Of Mice and Men is a story about the nature of man’s fate in a fallen world, with particular emphasis upon the question: is man destined to live alone, a solitary wanderer on the face of the earth, or is it the fate of man to care for man, to go his way in companionship with another? This is the same theme that occurs in The Old Testament† (Goldhurst 49). This proves that Of Mice and Men and The Old Testament have a similar theme. One reoccurring theme in Of Mice and Men and The Old Testament is loneliness will always follow man and innocence keeps ideas alive. The curse that the Lord placed upon Cain was that agricultural labor was going to be difficult, and he will be lonely while being a fugitive (Genesis 4:12). In Of Mice and Men George and Lennie are fugitives that are migratory workers but George at times feels lonely even though he has Lennie because he doesn’t have a romantic partner. This shows how these two stories are similar within their themes. Worked Cited Goldhurst, William. â€Å"A Parable of the Curse of Cain.† Readings on John Steinbeck- Of Mice and Men. Ed. Jill Karson, Bruno Leone, Brenda Salcup, and Brenda Szumski. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1998. 48-58. Print The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Ed. Bruce M. Metzger, Roland E. Murphy, and Bernhard W. Anderson. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 2-7. Print. Owens, Luis. â€Å"Of Mice and Men: The Dream of Commitment.† Modern Critical View John Steinbeck. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1987. 145-149. Print.

Aspirin Preparation Case Essay Example for Free

Aspirin Preparation Case Essay * How drugs are discovered and developed Pharmacologist along with chemist focus on a specific disease and unmet patient needs in order to discover new drugs. They search for biological targets within the body that play a role in a given disease. Unique molecules are found or created that some day might be medicines. Lead Compound Selection, is the testing of compounds that might undergo the long expensive drug develop process. Random Screening- uses existing ‘library’ of chemical agents. This is the simplest method but the odds are low and patience is needed. Combinational Chemistry Screening- uses a compound (from existing library) as a base, then randomly adding amino acids or molecule segments of other agents to the base compound in order to enhance the base compounds activity and disease fighting potential. The enhanced compounds are then tested in rapid screening test. However this method is complex and costly but it improves the odds. Target Synthesis- targets the disease for drug intervention. For example High Blood Pressure would be studied in detail. Consequently this method still requires screening of hundreds of compounds and extensive amount of research to understand a particular disease process. Drug Modeling- uses more high technology. This method manipulates chemical structures by computers so that they can attach to, activate or deactivate proteins that interfere with or maintain the body’s normal functioning. The model is used to enhance the properties of the other methods but the cost for designer compounds are significant because of the huge amount of research that is needed to identify biochemical target and establish their molecular structure. * How safety of drugs is checked before being used on the public A drug undergoes 3 clinical phases before being used on the public. This is designed to determine the safety of the new drug, how best to administer it and the correct dosage- (one that will minimize desirable side effects). 20-30 patients (volunteers) are used to find out how the drug behaves in their body, so their blood and urine will be frequently monitored. Even though drugs in this will have been already tested in a laboratory. After the correct dosage has been determined in phase1 clinical trial, it can enter phase2. This trial consists of determining the drug’s effectiveness in treating a specific disease. Phase2 involves more patients (volunteers) and they are tested for the number of platelets in their blood and take frequent blood samples. If the drug being tested brings a positive change in at least 1/5 of the patients then it can be tested in phase3. However if the drug shows very positive effects in-patients, the Food and Drug Administration also have the option of approving the drug for general use at this point. This trial involves hundreds of patients and is divided into two groups. The control group receives a standard treatment (placebo) and the treatment groups are given the new drug. Results are then compared from the two groups. Blinded studies are used to prevent biased study results. If the new successfully passes a phase3 trial the FDA will approve the drug for marketing to the general public. -The acetylsalicylic acid is washed with distilled water until all the acetic acid is removed. -It is pressed to be as dry as possible and then dried more by a current of warm air at 60-70 degrees Celsius. The yield of pure acetylsalicylic acid is between 1780-1795kg per batch using this reaction process. * History of Aspirin and its modern development * How aspirin is prepared on the large scale Main reactor for the process- a glass lined 1500 gallon fitted with a water-cooled reflux condenser, thermometers with automatic temperature register and an efficient agitator. The Mother Liquor- 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene (this does not get used up.). The reactor is charged up with the mother liquor. 1382kg of salicylic acid is added to the mother liquor. The reaction mixture is heated to between 85-92 degrees Celsius and kept at this temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture is transferred into an aluminum-cooling tank and is allowed to cool for 3-4 days. By the end the cool mixture will have reached room temperature 15-25 degrees Celsius. At this point the acetylsalicylic acid has precipitated as large regular crystals. Mother liquor is removed by filtration or centrifuging. Filtrate solution- 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid, 510kg of acetic anhydride, 600kg of acetic acid and 1200kg of toluene. The acetic acid is obtained as a by-product of the acetylation step of the process. An well-agitated reactor using a diffusion plate will introduce Ketene gas, to be passed through the recycled filtrate at a temperature between 15-25 degrees Celsius. When a weight increase of 420.5kg of the Ketene gas is observed, the mother liquor contains 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid and 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene. The Mother liquor is recycled and 1382kg of Salicylic acid is added to continue the reaction cycle BC- the first and most influential physician wrote about the bitter powder extracted from the willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fever. 1700- The scientist Reverend Edmund Stone found out that the part of the willow tree bark that was bitter and good for fever and pain is a chemical known as Salicin. This converts into another chemical called Salicylic acid when eaten. 1829- A pharmacist known as Leroux showed that Salicin is the active willow ingredient and for the first time an Italian chemist Piria used Salicylic acid to treat pain and swelling in diseases such as Arthritis and to treat fever in illnesses like Influenza. The problem was that these chemicals was causing the users upset stomachs. Some people had bleeding in their digestive tracts from high doses needed to control swelling and pain. It was thought that the reason of stomach upsets were because of the acid in the chemical, therefore the compound Salicylic acid went through a couple of chemical reactions that covered up one of the acidic parts with an ACETYL group, converting it to ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA). It was found that ASA reduced fever and relieve of pain and swelling but also it was much better for the stomach and worked better than Salicylic Acid. 1899- ASA was given the name ASPIRIN- that comes from the plant relative of a rose that makes SALICYLIC ACID (several plants makes this compound not just willow). Prostaglandin is a chemical that is released to make the nerve ending register an even stronger pain to the brain. It is made in working cells of the damaged tissues by using an enzyme called CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2). Prostaglandin makes you feel the pain of the damaged area and causes it to swell up (inflammation), to bathe the tissues in fluid from the blood so that it will protect it and help it heal. Pain serves the purpose here to remind you that the damaged area cannot be used, as it is not healed. However sometimes we endure pain when there is no real reason to. For example Period Pains and Arthritis. It can make people feel really uncomfortable and arthritis can damage joints permanently. ASPIRIN works by locking itself to the enzyme that makes the chemical Prostaglandin. The enzyme C0X-2 that is found in normal tissues but mostly in tissues that have been damaged in some way, can no longer convert floating chemicals into Prostaglandin because they are unable to move with the aspirin lock on. Aspirin does not treat the cause of the pain; it just lowers the pain signals getting through your nerves to the brain. New researches suggest that an aspirin a day is a preventive measure against Heart Attacks. However the effectiveness of aspirin has differential effects depending on genetics. Aspirin Preparation Case. (2017, Jul 30).

Teen Suicide Can be Stopped Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teen Suicide Can be Stopped - Essay Example Teen suicide deprives families of their happiness and subjects parents and the whole community to a sad situation which can be avoided. In 2001 teen suicide stood at 30622. According to Peacock (2000), â€Å"Teen suicide was the 3rd leading cause of death among young adults and adolescents 15 to 24 years of age, following unintentional injuries and homicide. The rate was 9.9/100,000.† The rate at which teen suicide has been occurring in the recent past makes people believe that it may not have a lasting solution. I concur with this view but on a deeper scrutiny, it can be realized that there are possible solutions to the problem. Before, there were efforts made towards reducing these cases. The net effect still doesn’t completely eliminate the problem but reduces it to a remarkable level. Mastering the Psychology of teens who fall victims could be the main barrier to eradicating the problem of teen suicide (Shaffer 1988). The way in which those planning to commit suicide behave is not easy to note without proper skills. However, giving this issue a priority in the school curriculum and back at home can lead to its eradication. The other challenge that may hinder the eradication of this problem is the lack of openness of most teens to their parents. It is a fact that the teens in the 21st century are not very open with their parents and teachers. Lichtenstein (2011) argues that this is mainly due to the advancement in technology that encourages virtual world imagination and interaction. By this, the teens concentrate more on devices such as computers rather than sharing their daily experiences with their parents. Diverting focus on the virtual world and their interactive surfaces can be made in such a way that this information concerning the need to eradicate teen suicide is delivered to them. Giving the problem of teen suicide priority in the school curriculum and teen interaction sites can be a way of eradicating the problem.

The Understanding of the Artistic Works from Cultural Viewpoint Term Paper

The Understanding of the Artistic Works from Cultural Viewpoint - Term Paper Example The ideal of social anthropology will further delve into the reason why artwork was created in a specific way and the relationship it has to society.   For instance, if a type of material was used over another, there may be an inference to what this means socially and the ability to make the material with ease of use for the artistic expressions.   These various elements make a difference in the art and the perception from anthropology.   The interpretations don’t consider the aesthetics but instead looks at the social relationship which these hold (Gell, 40).   The definition of art from the anthropological point of view is not only examined with the social and cultural aspects by most.   There is also an understanding that the artistic work is able to raise questions and reflect on a specific culture and what the meaning is behind the works that are displayed.   The basic discipline is one which is first examined by the ideology of a human activity which is constructed by various societies.   This is followed by the social sciences which are able to define the experience, which is specific to the study of anthropology.   While art is one which is constructed of experience, this is based on interpretations, relationships to the pieces, knowledge of the piece and the defining elements.   This is also dependent on the spectator and what acting agents are parts of the piece.   The approach of anthropology is one which is only dependent on defining the material culture of the art.   This doesn’t provide room for interpreta tion of the aesthetics, specifically because this is defined by experience, cultural awareness and various levels of knowledge.   Anthropology then becomes limited only to the cultural ideologies, as opposed to the aesthetics of other levels which may reflect the philosophies of art (Pinney, Thomas, 118).  Ã‚   The interpretation of anthropology through art as a limitation is one which also questions the use of aesthetics and how this is left out of the viewpoint of anthropologists.   A question which arises when looking at aesthetics is based on the cultural value which is applied and whether this provides a thorough examination of an artwork.  

Health Article Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health - Article Example It is also important to know that sexual health is affected by socio-economic and political factors. The physical factors include chronic illnesses and even medical treatment that hinders the sexual functioning of the human being. These also include sexually related diseases such as STIs/ HIV and reproductive tract infections. Infertility also contributes to sexual health problem. And this does not only serve as a physical factor but also emotional and mental. Among the mental factors, mental incapacity hinders us in achieving optimum sexual health. Retardation as a hindrance, have an effect on the sexual urges and the perceptions of a person suffering from mental retardation on sexuality. Anxiety and fear on the other hand is a by-factor of sexual coercions like rape and molestations. When anxiety is developed, a person looks at sexual relationship as a non-gratifying behaviour. When this happens, a person's sexual health is at risk. Social factors on the other hand go beyond medical concerns. These include sexual awareness leading to unwanted pregnancies, which can also have disturbing effects on the health of the women. It may also be linked with sexual coercion. Limited knowledge on safe sex also hinders general sexual health.

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S Essay

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S - Essay Example Although great achievements have been made with regards women's rights, equality and representation in the past decades, the number of legislators and women in the cabinet still comprise of a few female elites. Only sixteen percent of women hold seats in the Congress and five females serve in President Bush's cabinet (Wolbrecht 1-10). In recent years, two women served as Secretary of State and another one will be serving with the President-elect once he assumes office. Another great stride for women is when Nancy Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House just recently. However, during the last election, the number of women seeking office for state legislatures faced a decline as compared to the previous elections and membership of women in national groups that could enhance their political influence also dropped in number.1 This is interesting to note as research have shown that the lower level of nominations and elections in the past contributed to the dearth of women in politics. How ever, this does not mean that women are disadvantaged in experience or sources of fund (Gaddie and Bullock, 761). On the contrary, women who sought office fared equally well with males in terms of financial ability. Gaddie and Bullock also asserts that the decline in the number of seats in crucial and elite positions in politics can be attributed to the dismal percentage of nominees among republicans (761). What is striking is that women who held more experience have a high probability of getting elected whereas voters pick men who are less experienced than women with less experience (Gaddie and Bullock 97). Nevertheless, women are still hesitant to run for office (Dolan in Wolbrecht 1-10). This only illustrates, that for women to achieve equal representation in the elite political circles, more women should run for office and gain further experience. In addition, there are factors that hinder women from achieving equal power and representation in contemporary political life. Although politics held a significance place for women before their enfranchisement, the realization of women's suffrage came after nearly a century of struggle. Yet this lengthy struggle only brought forth gender equality and equal citizenship but not equal representation and power in politics. (Wolbrecht, 6). Moreover, although women serve in different areas of politics, especially in legislature where their chances of increasing influence is considerable, this service is not matched by an increase in authority and power as they are thwarted by party affiliations, committees and caucuses (Reingold 33). Even Hillary Clinton, the most elite of the female politicians and a former first lady, is considered a mere 'junior senator' whose tenure in office is relatively short in the standard of a male elite politician. This is worsened by the perceived disparity of political focus that exists between male and female politicians. The notion that women enter politics on gender basis and considerations is asserted in the work of Kirkpatrick (242). Scholars observe that politics are different when women are involved (Wolbrecht, 5) and contend that activism plays a major role for decision and policy-making of a female politician. Naples, for instance, purports that the path that most female politician tread is one that center on progressive and